Which of the following is true of erosion of the tungsten electrode? [38], Enamel coatings applied to steel panels offer protection to the core material whether cladding road tunnels, underground stations, building superstructures or other applications. A Russian school developed, which used the technique on other objects, as in the Renaissance, and for relatively cheap religious pieces such as crosses and small icons. Virtually all modern laboratory glassware is made of borosilicate glass. clean slag from the welds, grind welds, and help the welder. Which gas produces the fastest and cleanest cuts on mild steels? The reflection from all three interfaces produces destructive interference and anti-reflection. While it is used for training and research purposes and not intended for public access, the museum's website has developed a much larger on audience due to the online descriptions and informative stories regarding an item's history. [citation needed], Specialty glass smoking pipes for cannabis and tobacco can be made from borosilicate glass. 805.498.3837. The tarnish replaces the air-glass interface with two interfaces: an air-tarnish interface and a tarnish-glass interface. For example, titanium nitride and niobium nitride are used in absorbing ARCs. MgF2 coatings are commonly used because they are cheap and durable. Fused quartz is also found in some laboratory equipment when its higher melting point and transmission of UV are required (e.g. (ii) Thoriated tungsten. The percentages What is the most common preheating temperature range for most steels? Cloisonn Enamels", "Kawade Shibatar | Imperial Presentation Vase with Maple Branches and Imperial Chrysanthemum Crest (one of a pair)", "Ashmolean Eastern Art Online, Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art", "Bernard Hesling:: biography at:: at Design and Art Australia Online", Enameling Articles and Tutorials at The Ganoksin Project, Mechanical and Physical Properties of Vitreous Enamel, CIDAE Center of Information and Difusion of the Art of Enamelling (ES), Conservation and restoration of glass objects, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitreous_enamel&oldid=1120042569, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles containing Old High German (ca. One of the most widespread modern uses of enamel is in the production of quality chalk-boards and marker-boards (typically called 'blackboards' or 'whiteboards') where the resistance of enamel to wear and chemicals ensures that 'ghosting', or unerasable marks, do not occur, as happens with polymer boards. If a process is ____, the base material or materials are not melted. What happens to the plasma column when water is injected around the plasma stream? WebYour best choice to replace 2% Thoriated Tungsten. Depending on the material used, the build plate will cycle from room temperature to between 50C and 130C for each prototype that is built. Using texture reduces reflection for wavelengths comparable with the feature size as well. This optimal value is given by the geometric mean of the two surrounding indices: For the example of glass (nS 1.5) in air (n0 1.0), this optimal refractive index is n1 1.225.[19][20]. These can be useful in applications requiring contrast enhancement or as a replacement for tinted glass (for example, in a CRT display). WebFAQs about Welders 2% ceriated tungsten can be used as a non-radioactive substitute for AC and DC TIG welding applications. Practical anti-reflective films have been made by humans using this effect;[12] this is a form of biomimicry. ____ welding can be used to weld metal ranging in thickness from thin-gauge sheet metal to heavy plate by making only a few changes in the welding setup. (13 mm) pipe. Since standard enamelling steel is magnetically attractive, it may also be used for magnet boards. If the machine being used for the weld does not have an amp meter, a meter must be attached to the welding lead, within ____ ft. of the electrode holder, to get the reading of the amount of current in amps used to make the weld. Fluxes that are inactive at room temperature ____. The molten pool would throw off a large number of sparks. From either Byzantium or the Islamic world, the cloisonn technique reached China in the 1314th centuries. White and coloured second "cover" coats of enamel are applied over the fired ground coat. Made from a blending of three unique oxides, these electrodes boast improved ignition rates, a cooler run, and no radiation. WeldingCity Welding Cutting Grinding Goggles w/ Flip-up Lens DIN #11 | US, WeldingCity 25-pk Contact Tip 000-068 0.035" for Miller Hobart MIG Welding Gun, WeldingCity 2 Rolls Gasless Flux-Core MIG Welding Wire E71T-GS .030" 0.8mm 2-lb, WeldingCity Arc Welding 300A Earth Ground Clamp | US Seller Fast Ship, WeldingCity 3-pk Dinse-type Twist-lock Cable Connector Pair #6-#4 16-25mm | USA, WeldingCity 2-pk 11-lb ER70S-6 MIG Welding Wire .030" (0.8mm) Fast Ship 2 Rolls, WeldingCity 2-pk 11-lb ER70S-6 MIG Welding Wire .035" (0.9mm) Fast Ship 2 Rolls, WeldingCity 5-pcs Cast Iron Repair Stick Welding Rod 3/32x12" Nickel-55 ENiFe-C1, MIG Welding Gun Kit .035" for Lincoln 200/250 Tweco #2 Tip-Diffuser-Nozzle | M7, WeldingCity 10-pk Collet 13N23 3/32" for TIG Welding Torch 9/20/25 | US Seller, WeldingCity Round Soapstone & Metal Holder Marking Tool w/ 3-pk Soapstones | US, WeldingCity Acetylene Welding Nozzle Heating Tip 2-W-1 #2 Victor 100 Torch USA, WeldingCity Arc Welding 500A Earth Ground Clamp | US Seller Fast Ship, WeldingCity Propane/Natural Gas Cutting Tip 3-GPN #1 Victor Torch | US Seller, WeldingCity Acetylene Cutting Tip 3-101 #0 for Victor Torch | US Seller Fast, WeldingCity 10-pk TIG Welding Collet 10N25 1/8" for Torch 17/18/26 | US Seller, WeldingCity Pack of 5 Long Back Cap 57Y02 TIG Welding Torch 17/18/26 US Seller, WeldingCity 5-pk TIG Welding Large Gas Lens Ceramic Cup 53N88 #10 | US Seller, WeldingCity Acetylene Welding Nozzle Heating Tip 00-W-1 #00 Victor 100 Torch US, WeldingCity ER70S-6 11-lb Mild Steel MIG Welding Wire .030" (0.8mm) | US Seller, WeldingCity 10-pk TIG Welding Tungsten Electrode 2% Thoriated (Red) 3/32x7" USA, WeldingCity Arc Welding 400A Earth Ground Clamp | US Seller Fast Ship, WeldingCity 58-pcs Gas Lens Kit .040"~1/8" TIG Welding Torch 9/20/25 T47 | USA, WeldingCity Cable Cover Nylon 12' (L) x 3" (W) w/ Zipper TIG Welding Torch 9/17, WeldingCity 5-pk Gas Lens Collet Body 45V44 3/32" for TIG Welding Torch 9/20/25, WeldingCity Acetylene Welding Nozzle Heating Tip 6-W-1 #6 Victor 100 Torch USA, WeldingCity Gasless Flux-Cored MIG Welding Wire E71T-11 .035" 10-lb | US Seller, WeldingCity 2-pk Aluminum MIG Welding Wire ER5356 .030" (0.8mm) 1-Lb Roll | USA, WeldingCity 2-pk Dinse-type Twist-lock Cable Connector Male 1/0-3/0 50-70mm USA, WeldingCity Welder Cover Tri-Layer 195186 for Hobart Handler 125/140/180/190/210, TIG Welding Gas Lens Accessory Kit (3/32") for Torch 17/18/26 T14 | US Seller, WeldingCity 5-pk MIG Welding Gun Nozzle 21-50 1/2" for Lincoln 100L Tweco Mini/1, WeldingCity 5-pk MIG Welding Gun Nozzle 169715 1/2" for Miller M-10/M-15 Hobart, WeldingCity 2-pk Gasless Nozzle KP1939-1 For MIG Welding Gun Lincoln Magnum 100L, WeldingCity 3-pk ASSORTED Back Caps 41V24 41V35 41V33 TIG Welding Torch 9/20 US, WeldingCity 6-MFA-1 #6 Acetylene Multi-Flame Heating Nozzle Victor 100 Torch, WeldingCity Dinse-type Twist-lock Cable Connector Pair #3-#4 16-25mm US Seller, WeldingCity 10-pk TIG Welding Tungsten Tri-Element Non-Radioactive Purple 1/16x7, WeldingCity TIG Welding Tungsten ASSORTED Green-Red-Gray-Gold-Blue 1/16"-3/32", WeldingCity 5-Lb E6013 3/32" Stick Welding Electrode Mild Steel Rod, WeldingCity 10-pk TIG Welding Collet 10N24 3/32" for Torch 17/18/26 | US Seller, WeldingCity 10-pk Ceramic Gas Lens Cup 53N61S #8 1/2" TIG Welding Torch 9/20 US, WeldingCity 5-pk Collet Body 13N28 3/32" TIG Welding Torch 9/20/25 | US Seller, WeldingCity 10-pcs Gas Lens Kit 3/32" TIG Welding Torch 9/20/25 T40 | US Seller, WeldingCity Cable Adapter Dinse-35 Water TIG Welding Torch 18/20 (195377) | USA, WeldingCity Welder Cover Tri-Layer 195149 Miller Millermatic 135/140/175/180/211, WeldingCity 2 Rolls Gasless Flux-Core MIG Welding Wire E71T-11 .035" 0.9mm 2-lb, WeldingCity Acetylene Welding Nozzle Heating Tip 5-W-1 #5 Victor 100 Torch USA. Norm tests for example for. Cookware is another common usage for borosilicate glass, including bakeware. Unless noted otherwise, this website only features items actually in the collection. Which of the following would not be on a bill of materials? [3] Although Egyptian pieces, including jewellery from the Tomb of Tutankhamun of c. 1325 BC, are frequently described as using "enamel", many scholars doubt the glass paste was sufficiently melted to be properly so described, and use terms such as "glass-paste". As observed by Lord Rayleigh, a thin film (such as tarnish) on the surface of glass can reduce the reflectivity. In recent years, with the resurgence of lampworking as a technique to make handmade glass beads, borosilicate has become a popular material in many glass artists' studios. Links to different categories of items in the collection, Publications relating to the history of the radiological sciences. (ii) Thoriated tungsten. Adding ____ has the same effect on the electrode characteristic as thorium, but it is not radioactive. How does the flux in a FCAW wire compare to a SMAW electrode, and what does it affect? Limoges? He is known for shosen (minimised wires) and musen (wireless cloisonn): techniques developed with Wagener in which the wire cloisons are minimised or burned away completely with acid. Such glass is subjected to less thermal stress and can withstand temperature differentials without fracturing of about 165C (300F). In all, the combined reflection coefficient is given by 2R/(1 + R). [6] The Nagoya cloisonn company (Nagoya shippo kaisha existed from 1871 to 1884, to sell the output of many small workshops and help them improve their work. For this type of coating a normally incident beam I, when reflected from the second interface, will travel exactly half its own wavelength further than the beam reflected from the first surface, leading to destructive interference. Portable welders often have _____ or ______ plug outlets. That means that in order to industrially produce this glass, oxygen/fuel torches must be used. Thoriated. One BTU is defined as the amount of ____. WebBorosilicate glass is a type of glass with silica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents. Using the device, kids, parents and shoe salesmen could see the bones of their feet. Early 13th century Limoges chasse used to hold holy oils; most were reliquaries. Anti-reflective coatings are used in a wide variety of applications where light passes through an optical surface, and low loss or low reflection is desired. In the pulsed-arc metal transfer current cycle, ____ refers to the surging electrical current passing through the transformer like a wave on water. Developments that followed during the 20th century include enamelling-grade steel, cleaned-only surface preparation, automation, and ongoing improvements in efficiency, performance, and quality. 750-1050)-language text, Articles containing Old French (842-ca. How is steel making similar to welding processes? This is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes.Before the advent of semiconductor devices, thousands of tube types were used in consumer electronics. Which of the following might result in linear slag inclusions? Paul Frame, Ph.D., a health physicist and trainer at ORAU, started the health physics instrumentation collection in the 1980s when he discovered X-ray tubes and other items in a cabinet. Gold has been used traditionally for Meenakari jewellery as it holds the enamel better, lasts longer and its lustre brings out the colours of the enamels. The exact value can be calculated using the Fresnel equations. The earliest undisputed objects known to use enamel are a group of Mycenaean rings from Cyprus, dated to the 13th century BC. This continued until the early 19th century. Lampworking is also done as art, and common items made include goblets, paper weights, pipes, pendants, compositions and figurines. especially for the chemical industry. FAQ. To keep the hot end from oxidizing if it is exposed to the air. Made from a blending of three unique oxides, these electrodes boast improved ignition rates, a cooler run, and no radiation. Even though ____ is slower and requires a higher skill level as compared to other manual welding processes, it is still in demand because it can be used to make extremely high-quality welds in applications where weld integrity is critical. A ____ is a number that uses a decimal point to denote a unit that is smaller than 1. In selecting the joining process, one consideration relates to the ____, such as whether the parts are made out of a standard metal or an exotic alloy. During what time period did mankind begin to join metals? Through our specialized teams of experts and access to a consortium of more than 150 major Ph.D.-granting institutions, ORAU works with federal, state, local and commercial customers to provide innovative scientific and technical solutions and help advance their missions. A ____ line will make a long, straight line on metal and is best used on large jobs. Surrey enamel, a 17th-century type for brass objects such as candlesticks; effectively champlev. [6] Ando Jubei introduced the shtai-jipp (plique--jour) technique which burns away the metal substrate to leave translucent enamel, producing an effect resembling stained glass. [9] The term was initially used for colourful objects imported from China. ), however the anti-reflective performance is worse in this case due to the stronger dependence of the reflectance on wavelength and the angle of incidence. Thoriated. Always use a dusk mask when grinding or cutting thoriated tungsten. Borosilicate is referred to as "hard glass" and has a higher melting point (approximately 3,000F / 1648C) than "soft glass", which is preferred for glassblowing by beadmakers. Ordinary lower-cost borosilicate glass, like that used to make kitchenware and even reflecting telescope mirrors, cannot be used for high-quality lenses because of the striations and inclusions common to lower grades of this type of glass. The earliest enamel all used the cloisonn technique, placing the enamel within small cells with gold walls. In the ____ process, when the loss due to flux handling and flux recovery systems is considered, the average ratio of flux to wire is approximately 1.4 pounds of flux for each pound of wire consumed. thorium has a work function of 2.63 eV, compared with 3.4. eV for thorium and 4.52 eV for tungsten. The composition of low-expansion borosilicate glass, such as those laboratory glasses mentioned above, is approximately 80% silica, 13% boric oxide, 4% sodium oxide or potassium oxide and 23% aluminium oxide. ____ electrodes have a current-carrying capacity similar to that of pure tungsten, and may be used for both AC and DC welding currents. [3] Red enamel is used in 26 places on the Battersea Shield (c.35050 BC), probably as an imitation of the red Mediterranean coral, which is used on the Witham Shield (400-300 BC). WebTungsten electrodes are seen as a requisite for TIG welding. ____ result(s) when gas that was dissolved in the molten weld pool forms bubbles that are trapped as the metal cools to become solid. Aquarium heaters are sometimes made of borosilicate glass. It has a good balance between penetration and reinforcement and is used on automated welding. The width dimensions of an object can be found on the ____ views. The purpose of the Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity is to chronicle thescientific and commercial history of radioactivity and radiation. 18 192010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/18/19/192010 Fabrication of Silicon Nitride Dental Core Ceramics with Borosilicate Veneering material, M. I. Ojovan and W.E. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A ____ must be correctly applied so that it is strong enough to hold the assembly and still not interfere with the finished welding. A ____ is required to know all of the welding process and metallurgy as well as have good math, reading, communication, and design skills. local, state, or federal government; standard industrial practices. Trautman also developed the techniques and technology to make the small-batch colored boro that is used by a number of similar companies.[23]. Borosilicate (or "boro", as it is often called) is used extensively in the glassblowing process lampworking; the glassworker uses a burner torch to melt and form glass, using a variety of metal and graphite tools to shape it. When the. For steels containing more than ____ % carbon, preheating and subsequent heat treatment generally are required to produce a satisfactory weld. Gouging Torches, Carbon Electrodes, and Tungsten Electrodes for the North American welding industry. [5], Japanese artists did not make three-dimensional enamelled objects until the 1830s but, once the technique took hold based on analysis of Chinese objects, it developed very rapidly, reaching a peak in the Meiji and Taish eras (late 19th/ early 20th century). Making a SMA weld over a highly crowned previous weld, dividing the maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen at the middle. Learn more about ORAU at www.orau.org. Since the 18th century, enamels have also been applied to many metal consumer objects, such as some cooking vessels, steel sinks, and cast-iron bathtubs. In Australia, abstract artist Bernard Hesling brought the style into prominence with his variously sized steel plates. Choosing the best among the electrodes for aluminum welding can be done once you are aware of the properties and learn how well they can serve your welding purpose. Tack welders Weld shop owners Welder's helpers Welder While more resistant to thermal shock than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subjected to rapid or uneven temperature variations. The final products of all clean-burning hydrocarbon flames are ____. A mixture of two metals may. Single ended self-starting lamps are insulated with a mica disc and contained in a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube (arc tube) and a metal cap. 2651 Lavery Ct. It seems possible that in Egyptian conditions the melting point of the glass and gold were too close to make enamel a viable technique. ____ is the ASTM specification for the type and grade of material, including the P-number. 2651 Lavery Ct. They are allotted red for identification. During the early ____, the oxyacetylene flame became more popular as the primary means of welding. If wavelength is greater than the texture size, the texture behaves like a gradient-index film with reduced reflection. The surface that cannot be seen directly such as the inside of a pipe weld joint???? WebAn antireflective, antiglare or anti-reflection (AR) coating is a type of optical coating applied to the surface of lenses, other optical elements, and photovoltaic cells to reduce reflection.In typical imaging systems, this improves the efficiency since less light is lost due to reflection. Some new developments in the last ten years include enamel/non-stick hybrid coatings, sol-gel functional top-coats for enamels, enamels with a metallic appearance, and easy-to-clean enamels. WebBorosilicate glass is a type of glass with silica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents. Why is an inert shielding gas required for GTA welding? Such glass is subjected to less thermal stress and can View cart for details. It is possible to make welds with 100% integrity. Other less costly borosilicate glasses, such as Schott B270 or the equivalent, are used to make "crown-glass" eyeglass lenses. In a(n) ____ joint the edges of the metal overlap so the thickness of the joint is approximately equal to the combined thickness of both pieces of metal. The resulting residual stress formed when the plastic contracts as it cools, while the glass remains relatively dimensionally unchanged due to the low coefficient of thermal expansion, provides a convenient aid in removing the otherwise mechanically bonded plastic from the build plate. It has been deemed the official repository for historical radiological instruments by the Health Physics Society, and is located at the Professional Training Programs (PTP) training facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. It would be used for a detailed drawing showing an important part. Toyoro Hida, Gregory Irvine, Kana Ooki, Tomoko Hana and Yukari Muro. What can cause small localized hard spots on the metal surface? [9][7], Early Japanese enamels were cloudy and opaque, with relatively clumsy shapes. thorium has a work function of 2.63 eV, compared with 3.4. eV for thorium and 4.52 eV for tungsten. EWTh-X electrodes contain thorium oxide (Thoria), which increases the usable life and provides a high electron emission, better arc stability, and improved resistance to tungsten contamination. Need the capability of thoriated electrodes but with the added safety of something non-radioactive? [8] MgF2 on a crown glass surface gives a reflectance of about 1%, compared to 4% for bare glass. grisaille painted Stations of the Cross, Notre-Dame-des-Champs, Avranches, St. Gregory the Great in painted Limoges enamel on a copper plaque, by Jacques I Laudin, A freehand enameled painting by Einar Hakonarson. for some higher electrically resistant filler metals such as stainless steel and nickel alloys. Adding ____ has the same effect on the electrode characteristic as thorium, but it is not radioactive. 2/3, 1/3. Borosilicate glass has become the material of choice for fused deposition modeling (FDM), or fused filament fabrication (FFF), build plates. Soldering fluxes are chemical compounds such as ____. Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, is an arc welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld.The weld area and electrode are protected from oxidation or other atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas (argon or helium).A filler metal is normally used, though some welds, known as The high welding current produces a great deal of UV light. zirconium. Borosilicate for beadmaking comes in thin, pencil-like rods. The modern studio glass movement has responded to color. Infer what changes you might observe in the fossil record that would indicate the occurrence of a mass extinction. 805-498-3837. Enamel was established in the Mughal Empire by around 1600 for decorating gold and silver objects, and became a distinctive feature of Mughal jewellery. 6901 Bryan Dairy Road, Largo, FL, 33777 US . An optimal single-layer coating would have to be made of a material with an index of about 1.23. WebGas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, is an arc welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld.The weld area and electrode are protected from oxidation or other atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas (argon or helium).A filler metal is normally used, Tungsten electrodes that contain elements such as lanthanum or yttrium are referred to as _____. Tungsten electrodes are seen as a requisite for TIG welding. That it is well supported so it does not fall. The term "enamel" has also sometimes been applied to industrial materials other than vitreous enamel, such as enamel paint and the polymers coating enameled wire; these actually are very different in materials science terms. The French traveller Jean Chardin, who toured Iran during the Safavid period, made a reference to an enamel work of Isfahan, which comprised a pattern of birds and animals on a floral background in light blue, green, yellow and red. The B2O3 content for borosilicate glass is typically 1213% and the SiO2 content over 80%. EWTh-X electrodes contain thorium oxide (Thoria), which increases the usable life and provides a high electron emission, better arc stability, and improved resistance to tungsten contamination. Which of the following is true of breaking and remelting tungsten? In an alternate bend test, the specimen is bent ____ from the gauge lines through an angle of ____. It must be qualified to verify that the list of variables will provide a sound weld. On larger welding jobs, who usually determines the best type of joint to be used? s-curves, or welds on round things).. TIG generates heat via an arc of electricity jumping from a (tungsten metal) electrode to the Thorium is silvery and tarnishes black when it is exposed to air, forming thorium dioxide; it is moderately soft and malleable and has a high melting point.Thorium is an electropositive actinide whose chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state; it is quite Thoriated. Judd, Donald, Porcelain Enameling Aluminum: An Overview, Proceedings of the 59th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 45-51 (1997). WebThorium is a radioactive element and can be dangerous to your health. Among the characteristic properties of this glass family are: The softening point (temperature at which viscosity is approximately 107.6 poise) of type 7740 Pyrex is 820C (1,510F). 805.498.3837. Rayleigh tested some old, slightly tarnished pieces of glass, and found to his surprise that they transmitted more light than new, clean pieces. [24] A disadvantage of enamel is a tendency to crack or shatter when the substrate is stressed or bent, but modern enamels are relatively chip- and impact-resistant because of good thickness control and coefficients of thermal expansion well-matched to the metal. WebTIG Welding is one type of welding amongst a few choices you have - MIG, Stick, Oxyacetylene, etc. [3] This occurs in several different regions, from ancient Egypt to Anglo-Saxon England. The researchers formed a gel of tetraethylorthosilicate and trimethoxyboroxine. [16] Modern industrial production began in Calcutta in 1921, with the Bengal Enamel Works Limited. Tungsten Grinders. The value of R varies from 0 (no reflection) to 1 (all light reflected) and is usually quoted as a percentage. In a fatigue test, the results are reported as ____. Forged, Stick, Tack, or Rod, ____ must be able to interpret blueprints and welding procedures. The first written reference to cloisonn is in a book from 1388, where it is called "Dashi ('Muslim') ware". Why is an inert shielding gas required for GTA welding? This effect can be explained by envisioning a thin layer of material with refractive index n1 between the air (index n0) and the glass (index nS). How can the inch lines on graph paper be easily identified? In most countries high-level radioactive waste has been incorporated into alkali borosilicate or phosphate vitreous waste forms for many years; vitrification is an established technology. operate machines or automatic equipment used to make welds. must be removed if the part is to be painted. and Nelson, F.W., "Stainless Steel Requires Special Enameling Procedures", Proceedings of the Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum," 150-155 (1970). ____ is magnetic and has very slight solid solubility, less than 0.02%, of carbon. [22], As mentioned above, natural index-matching "coatings" were discovered by Lord Rayleigh in 1886. All nontransfer-type plasma torches must have ________________. With DCEN, a pointed tip concentrates the arc. TIG can be used to weld copper, titanium, even two dissimilar metals, and is handy for making tricky welds (e.g. Enamelling is an old and widely adopted technology, for most of its history mainly used in jewellery and decorative art. ____ is a measurement of the amount of electrical energy or power in the arc. The ____ protects the molten weld pool, the filler rod, and the tungsten electrode as they cool to a temperature at which they will not oxidize rapidly. ____ is defined as the maximum load, per unit of area, to which a material will respond with a deformation directly proportional to the load. In addition to about 75% SiO2 and 812% B2O3, these glasses contain up to 5% alkaline earths and alumina (Al2O3). : Mater. What is The Best Tungsten Grinder. It will make the weld pool larger or smaller. for tube furnace liners and UV cuvettes), but the cost and manufacturing difficulties associated with fused quartz make it an impractical investment for the majority of laboratory equipment. More recently, the bright, jewel-like colours have made enamel a favoured choice for jewellery designers, including the Art Nouveau jewellers, for designers of bibelots such as the eggs of Peter Carl Faberg and the enameled copper boxes of the Battersea enamellers,[18] and for artists such as George Stubbs and other painters of portrait miniatures. What is the major purpose of pre- and post-heating cast iron for welding? Absorbing ARCs often make use of unusual optical properties exhibited in compound thin films produced by sputter deposition. Robert Mickelsen, "Art Glass Lampworking History" Online Glass Museum, "Lighting Comparison: LED vs High Pressure Sodium/Low Pressure Sodium", "The Sodium Lamp How it works and history", "Borosilikatglas BOROFLOAT Thermische Produkteigenschaften", "The Pyrex Glass Controversy That Just Won't Die", "Safer Crack Cocaine Smoking Equipment Distribution: Comprehensive Best Practice Guidelines", "SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER SYSTEMS THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM", http://www.theglassmuseum.com/lampwork.html, Conservation and restoration of glass objects, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borosilicate_glass&oldid=1125910297, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Different borosilicate glasses cover a wide range of different thermal expansions, enabling direct seals with various metals and alloys like, Allowing high maximum temperatures of typically about 500C (930F), Showing an extremely high chemical resistance in corrosive environments. The ORAU Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity chronicles the scientific and commercial history of radioactivity and radiation. Pure iron forms the body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal below a temperature of ____ Fahrenheit. The ____, which will appear in one corner of the drawing, may contain the name of the part, company name, scale of the drawing, date of the drawing, who made the drawing, drawing number, number of drawings in this set, and tolerances. [7] With these, it is possible to curtail reflection for a broad band of frequencies and incidence angles. This early borosilicate glass thus came to be known as Jena glass. WebTungsten electrodes are seen as a requisite for TIG welding. People over age 65 are likely to rememberthe shoe-fitting fluoroscope from shopping for shoes when they were children. The weight of magnesium is ____ that of steel, and ____ that of aluminum. Designs also increasingly used areas of blank space. Sullivan, J.D. Thoria is a radioactive material, and all safety measures must be followed precisely, especially when grinding thoriated [6] Enamel had been used as decoration for metalwork since about 1600,[7][6] and Japanese cloisonn was already exported to Europe before the start of the Meiji era in 1868. The word comes from the Latin vitreum, meaning "glass".. Enamel can be used on metal, glass, WeldingCity TIG Welding Tungsten ASSORTED Green-Red-Gray-Gold-Blue .040"-1/16" $13.99 Save up to 10% when you buy more. In typical imaging systems, this improves the efficiency since less light is lost due to reflection. What does the term faying surface relate to? Which of the following is true of penetrant inspection? The ____ view is drawn as if part of the object were sawn away to reveal internal details. (4.8 mm) or thicker and measured in inches and fractions of inches. Which of the following metals are easy to cut using oxyfuel gas cutting? Only a few types are still used today, mainly in high-power, high-frequency $\rule{1cm}{1pt}$ 6. Why would a welder need extra burn protection for their eyes when making an axial spray weld? ____ alloys have excellent wetting, flow, and strength characteristics, but they are expensive. Where would you find detailed information on the number of actual tensile, bend, or other test requirements? The Tungsten Electrode Experts at Diamond Ground Products Offer the Best Tungsten Electrodes & Tungsten Grinders Available. the effect of santa, j- and power flex welding electrodes on the mechanical properties of arc welded joints using low, medium and high carbon steels Painted enamel remained in fashion for over a century, and in France developed into a sophisticated Renaissance and the Mannerist style, seen on objects such as large display dishes, ewers, inkwells and in small portraits. $$. zirconium. Tungsten is a very hard, slightly radioactive, and brittle metal. The three main historical techniques for enamelling metal are: Variants, and less common techniques are: On sheet steel, a ground coat layer is applied to create adhesion. It reduces the turbulence in the shielding gas. 20801e1.0 published in aug.2008 vk-a series model vk-202a transducer instruction manual, Basic Semiconductor Subhasish Chandra Devices & subhasishchandra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/and-Applications.pdfPrinciples of Electronics by V. K. Mehta & R. Mehta. - 5,352 positive feedback in last 12 months. ____ must be able to interpret blueprints and welding procedures. Thin-film effects arise when the thickness of the coating is approximately the same as a quarter or a half a wavelength of light. The strength of ____ stainless steels is the result of a special heat treatment. What layout tool can be used to mark a straight line by dragging it along the straight edge of plate while holding a piece of soapstone against the end of the tool? What would happen if the secondary flame is suddenly moved away from the molten weld pool? A ____ must be correctly applied so that it is strong enough to hold the assembly and still not interfere with the finished welding. The spacing between the parts being joined greatly affects the ____ of the finished part. In the pulsed-arc metal transfer current cycle, ____ is a function of the time it takes the magnetic field in the transformer to collapse once the coil is de-energized. [1] It is commonly used for the construction of reagent bottles and flasks as well as lighting, electronics, and cookware. Which of the following is true of GMA spot welding? [17][18] The polarizer transmits light with one chirality ("handedness") of circular polarization. Enamel was used in Iran for colouring and ornamenting the surface of metals by fusing over it brilliant colours that are decorated in an intricate design called Meenakari. [21] Vitrification is a particularly attractive immobilization route because of the high chemical durability of the vitrified glass product. Canon uses the moth-eye technique in their Sub-Wavelength structure Coating, which significantly reduces lens flare. Most hand torches will not easily cut metal that is more than ____ inches thick. The initial layer of build must be placed onto a substantially flat, heated surface to minimize shrinkage of some build materials (ABS, polycarbonate, polyamide, etc.) [7] With the greater subtlety these techniques allowed, Japanese enamels were regarded as unequalled in the world[14] and won many awards at national and international exhibitions.[12][15]. Antireflective properties of textured surfaces are well discussed in literature for a wide range of size-to-wavelength ratios (including long- and short-wave limits) to find the optimal texture size. A layer of thickness equal to a quarter of some design wavelength is called a "quarter-wave layer". This is especially important in planetary astronomy. Ceriated electrodes are characterized by ease of starting, good arc stability, and long life. [5] No Chinese pieces that are clearly from the 14th century are known; the earliest datable pieces are from the reign of the Xuande Emperor (142535), which, since they show a full use of Chinese styles, suggest considerable experience in the technique. After Corning Glass Works introduced Pyrex in 1915, the name became synonymous for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world (since the 1940s, a sizable portion of glass produced under the Pyrex brand has also been made of soda-lime glass ). How long would a line actually be drawn if an architectural scale of in. Also, the layer will have the ideal thickness for only one distinct wavelength of light. [6] Cloisonn is known in Japan as shippo, literally "seven treasures". Contact. Simax of Kavalierglass a.s., Czechia, produced for both laboratory and consumer markets. Thoriated Tungsten is used for welding most metals besides aluminum and magnesium. The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, durable vitreous coating. Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with silica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents. Silver, a later introduction, is used for artifacts like boxes, bowls, spoons, and art pieces. Each code gives the ____ that changes a discontinuity to a defect. WebThe ORAU Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity chronicles the scientific and commercial history of radioactivity and radiation. The use of an intermediate layer to form an anti-reflection coating can be thought of as analogous to the technique of impedance matching of electrical signals. Contact. What is the Correct Tungsten Electrode for Welding? They can produce very low reflectance with few layers, and can often be produced more cheaply, or at greater scale, than standard non-absorbing AR coatings. Many anti-reflection lenses include an additional coating that repels water and grease, making them easier to keep clean. 6901 Bryan Dairy Road, Largo, FL, 33777 US . equals 1 in. If the chromium-nickel content of a stainless steel is referred to as 25-12, then it contains ____. 2% Thoriated Tungsten Discontinued? This allows the moth to see well in the dark, without reflections to give its location away to predators. s-curves, or welds on round things).. TIG generates heat via an arc of electricity jumping from a (tungsten metal) electrode to the metal surfaces you intend to weld - The edges of the weld plate or pipe must have some type of groove made before welding. Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century in Jena. This page was last edited on 6 December 2022, at 14:43. The net effect is that the relative phase is actually reduced, shifting the coating, such that the anti-reflection band of the coating tends to move to shorter wavelengths as the optic is tilted. Temperature is the measurement of ________ energy in a material. Opticians may recommend "anti-reflection lenses" because the decreased reflection enhances the cosmetic appearance of the lenses. Pew, Steve, "The Who, What, Why, Where, and When of Cast Iron Enameling," Advances in Porcelain Enamel Technology, 177-186, (2010). Which of the following is true of axial spray transfers using high current settings? WebWeldingCity 10-pk TIG Welding Tungsten Electrode 2% Thoriated (Red) WeldingCity 10-pk TIG Welding Tungsten Tri-Element Non-Radioactive Purple 3/32x7 $21.99 Save up to 10% when you buy more. What happens if the standoff distance is increased? If wavelength is smaller than the textured size, the reflection reduction can be explained with the help of the geometric optics approximation: rays should be reflected many times before they are sent back toward the source. Enamel can be transparent, opaque or opalescent (translucent). In the ____ position, the pipe is fixed in a 45 degree inclined angle, and the weld is made around the pipe. What effect on the weld pool would speeding up or slowing down have? Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the significant temperature difference between the water and the nichrome heating element. Andrews, A.I. A molecule of propane is made up of ____. Inverter welders may have transformers as light as ____________. In complex systems such as cameras, binoculars, telescopes, and microscopes the dividing the maximum force by the sum of the length of welds that ruptured. Raw glass used in lampworking comes in glass rods for solid work and glass tubes for hollow work tubes and vessels/containers. 2/3, 1/3. ____ point to a part to identify it, show the location, and/or are the basis of a welding symbol. Only a few types are still used today, mainly in high-power, high tensile, compression, bending, torsion, and shear. ____ can ensure 100% joint fusion at the root and remove discontinuities of the root pass. A ____ is an interruption in the typical structure of the weld, whereas a ____ is a flaw which renders the part unable to meet minimum acceptance standards. One way to do this is to add a second quarter-wave thick higher-index layer between the low-index layer and the substrate. New lampworking techniques led to artistic applications such as contemporary glass marbles. How many cubic yards of concrete would be needed to fill a foundation hole that is 3 ft wide, 6 ft long and 3 ft deep? In both steel classification systems, the first number often, but not always, refers to the ____. If your spark gaps use thoriated tungsten, always run them in well ventilated locations. What information about your specific weld test plate thickness should be included in the written WPS? DCEP has the highest heat concentration on the electrode tip. Which quenching process results in the most rapid cooling of a part? When mixing oxygen and fuel gas, one method uses equal or balanced pressure and mixes gases in a(n) ____. When the light meets the interface at normal incidence (perpendicularly to the surface), the intensity of light reflected is given by the reflection coefficient, or reflectance, R: where n0 and nS are the refractive indices of the first and second media respectively. Most modern industrial enamel is applied to steel in which the carbon content is controlled to prevent unwanted reactions at the firing temperatures. The ____ has a right side and a left side. Carefully clean any grinding dust and wash your hands. MgF2 coatings perform much better on higher-index glasses, especially those with index of refraction close to 1.9. The thicknesses of the BK7 glass substrates are usually less than 1 millimeter for OLED fabrication. The term "enamel" is most often restricted to work on metal, which is the subject of this article. due to cooling after deposition. Since borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary silicate glass, some new techniques were required for industrial production. Other difficulties include finding suitable materials for use on ordinary glass, since few useful substances have the required refractive index (n 1.23) that will make both reflected rays exactly equal in intensity. My Account. Tall fescue $\hspace{1cm}$ f. A turfgrass stem that grows horizontally below ground. Which type of cast iron undergoes a transformation as a result of a long heat-treating process to reduce brittleness? the surface tension increases the tensile strength of the joint. FAQ. An antireflective, antiglare or anti-reflection (AR) coating is a type of optical coating applied to the surface of lenses, other optical elements, and photovoltaic cells to reduce reflection.In typical imaging systems, this improves the efficiency since less light is lost due to reflection. Carefully clean any grinding dust and wash your hands. What gas from the flame can protect the molten weld metal from oxidizing? For the simplified scenario of visible light travelling from air (n0 1.0) into common glass (nS 1.5), the value of R is 0.04, or 4%, on a single reflection. Different types of antireflective coatings are applied either before (Bottom ARC, or BARC) or after the photoresist, and help reduce standing waves, thin-film interference, and specular reflections. The only surface preparation required for modern ground coats is degreasing of the steel with a mildly alkaline solution. There is also a 1.5% lanthanated option but it is slightly inferior and not as versatile. ____ is a specific grouping number for several classifications of electrodes having similar composition and welding characteristics. Which of the following is not true of the water-cooled GTA welding torch? There is also a 1.5% lanthanated option but it is slightly inferior and not as versatile. Optical coatings can also be made with special characteristics, such as near-zero reflectance at multiple wavelengths, or optimal performance at angles of incidence other than 0. The forces causing stresses in welded joints are ____. Colour in enamel is obtained by the addition of various minerals, often metal oxides cobalt, praseodymium, iron, or neodymium. Though more difficult to make than traditional glass due to its high melting temperature, it is economical to produce. ____ is formed when ultraviolet radiation decomposes chlorinated hydrocarbon. It is used more commonly in combination with pulsed-spray transfer. In complex systems such as cameras, binoculars, telescopes, and microscopes the reduction in reflections also improves the contrast of the image by elimination of stray light. Interference-based coatings were invented and developed in 1935 by Olexander Smakula, who was working for the Carl Zeiss optics company. Acetylene is used in tips having ____ preheat holes. BK7 of Schott, a borosilicate glass with a high level of purity. The chemical resistance of glass can allow it to remain in a corrosive environment for many thousands or even millions of years. WebFAQs about Welders 2% ceriated tungsten can be used as a non-radioactive substitute for AC and DC TIG welding applications. The ____ view is usually an external view of a specific area of a part. WebPurple Tungsten Electrodes. What process that was used to join pieces of iron together was introduced during the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)? Fluxes that are active at room temperature ____. In this case, the reflections of a steady source of light can be made to add destructively and hence reduce reflections by a separate mechanism. To reduce any number of inches equal to or larger than 12 to feet and inches, you divide the inches by ____. Inside a regulator gauge is the C-shaped ____. [28][29] Make the changes in the welding machine's voltage and amperage settings. Need the capability of thoriated electrodes but with the added safety of something non-radioactive? This is a subtype of slightly softer glasses, which have thermal expansions in the range (4.05.0) 106 K1. From the equation above and the known refractive indices, reflectivities for both interfaces can be calculated, denoted R01 and R1S respectively. A change in the number of sparks given off by the weld as it progresses can be used as an indication of changes in the ____. In the ____ position, the pipe is parallel to the horizon and the weld is made vertically around the pipe. They are large or have to be repaired in place. Drill chucks are available in a variety of sizes, the most typical of which are: As the number of parts that make up a weldment ____, the problem of compounding the errors ____. Tungsten with the highest level of lanthanum oxide is classified as ____. By making a series of points on a graph that coincide with the points on the curve you are copying. They are guidelines and must be qualified for specific applications by testing. [4] But it remained rare in both Egypt and Greece. ____ is usually 3/16 in. This is typically used in glass-to-metal seals such as tungsten and molybdenum or nickel based alloys such as Kovar, as an intermediary glass between the metal sealing glass and lower expansion borosilicate glass. The cross-sectional area of the weld groove is equal to ____. What is the term used to describe the process of bringing together all of the parts for a weldment? Items made of borosilicate glass can be thin yet durable, or thicker for extra strength, and are microwave- and dishwasher-safe.[15]. WebThis is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes.Before the advent of semiconductor devices, thousands of tube types were used in consumer electronics. The temperature, along with various coatings (Kapton tape, painter's tape, hair spray, glue stick, ABS+acetone slurry, etc. [11] This kind of antireflective coating works because the bumps are smaller than the wavelength of visible light, so the light sees the surface as having a continuous refractive index gradient between the air and the medium, which decreases reflection by effectively removing the air-lens interface. ____ is the nonmagnetic form of iron and has the power to dissolve carbon and alloying elements. $$ ____ results in welds with deep penetration, and a smaller-size tungsten can be used. A 60% duty cycle means that the machine can be used a total of ____ minutes out of every ten minutes at the maximum rated current. It was also used for the envelope material for glass transmitting tubes which operated at high temperatures. Plasma cutting machines can cut mild steel ranging from _____ to _____or more in thickness. Gavlenski, Jim and Baldwin, Charles, "Advanced Porcelain Enamel Coatings with Novel Properties," Proceedings of the 69th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 53-58, (2007). Carefully clean any grinding dust and wash your hands. Harold Dennis Taylor of Cooke company developed a chemical method for producing such coatings in 1904.[23][24]. In technical terms fired enamelware is an integrated layered composite of glass and another material (or more glass). Thoriated Tungsten is used for welding most metals besides aluminum and magnesium. Along with Namikawa Yasuyuki he developed a transparent black enamel which was used for backgrounds. The molten enamel dissolves the iron oxide and precipitates cobalt and nickel. Its mean specific heat capacity at constant pressure (20100C) is 0.83 J/(gK), roughly one fifth of water's. Sci. WeldingCity 10-pk TIG Welding Tungsten Electrode 2% Thoriated (Red) WeldingCity 10-pk TIG Welding Tungsten Tri-Element Non-Radioactive Purple 3/32x7 $21.99 Save up to 10% when you buy more. This changed rapidly from 1870 onwards. Metropolitan Museum of Art. The optical glass most often used for making instrument lenses is Schott BK-7 (or the equivalent from other makers, such as the Chinese crown glass K9), a very finely made borosilicate crown glass. The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, durable vitreous coating. ____ of a tee joint enables a larger weld to be made than either the butt or lap joint. [citation needed], The thermal insulation tiles on the Space Shuttle were coated with a borosilicate glass.[20]. 1400)-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This makes very precise optical surfaces possible that change very little with temperature, and matched glass mirror components that "track" across temperature changes and retain the optical system's characteristics. Light reflected from the surface after the polarizer is transformed into the opposite "handedness". However, in 2008 a team of researchers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne were successful in forming borosilicate nanoparticles of 100 to 500 nanometers in diameter. ____ is a gas that is produced by the ultraviolet light in the air in the vicinity of welding operations. In addition to quartz, sodium carbonate, and aluminium oxide traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. Why might a set of drawings contain a drawing that is drawn to a larger scale than the other drawings? Webthe effect of santa, j- and power flex welding electrodes on the mechanical properties of arc welded joints using low, medium and high carbon steels To minimize reflection, various profiles of pyramids have been proposed, such as cubic, quintic or integral exponential profiles. ____ lines show the edge of an object, the intersection of surfaces that form corners or edges, and the extent of a curved surface, such as the sides of a cylinder. Uranium glass is used as one of several intermediate glasses in what is known to scientific glass blowers as a 'graded seal'. ____ are numbers used to express units in increments of 1, so they can be divided evenly by the number 1. Limoges became famous for champlev enamels from the 12th century onwards, producing on a large scale, and then (after a period of reduced production) from the 15th century retained its lead by switching to painted enamel on flat metal plaques. Which of the following is true about overhead welding? Optically, borosilicate glasses are crown glasses with low dispersion (Abbe numbers around 65) and relatively low refractive indices (1.511.54 across the visible range). While it transitions to a liquid starting at 288C (550F) (just before it turns red-hot), it is not workable until it reaches over 538C (1,000F). Some joints, such as the lap joint, may never need 100% ____; however, they do need 100% ____. Withstands extreme temperatures and is non-flammable, Long lasting UV, climate and corrosion resistance. Some of the metals it works well on are carbon steel, stainless steel, chromium alloys, nickel, and most other ferrous metals. What is the Correct Tungsten Electrode for Welding? Borosilicate glasses are known for having very low coefficients of thermal expansion (3 10 6 K 1 at 20 C), making them more resistant to thermal shock than any other common glass. The metals used to color borosilicate glass, particularly silver, often create strikingly beautiful and unpredictable results when melted in an oxygen-gas torch flame. When the surface of an object is a little above ____ Fahrenheit, the vibrating frequency of the atoms gives off visible light which we see as a dull red glow. The latter creates delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm grey. Essentially the same technique used with other bases is known by different terms: on glass as enamelled glass, or "painted glass", and on pottery it is called overglaze decoration, "overglaze enamels" or "enamelling". Tack welders Weld shop owners Welder's helpers Welder Borosilicate glasses are used for immobilisation and disposal of radioactive wastes. [6] Kawade Shibatar introduced a variety of techniques, including nagare-gusuri (drip-glaze) which produces a rainbow-coloured glaze and uchidashi (repouss) technique, in which the metal foundation is hammered outwards to create a relief effect. [16] These craftsmen reached a peak of during the reign of Shah Jahan in the mid-17th century. Which of the following is a function of fluxes used in brazing and soldering? If the intensities of the two beams R1 and R2 are exactly equal, they will destructively interfere and cancel each other, since they are exactly out of phase. Examples include anti-glare coatings on corrective lenses and camera lens elements, and antireflective coatings on solar cells.[1]. What is the process of laying out parts so that the least amount of scrap is produced? The ____ surrounding the nozzle tip is used to control the potential hazards of light, fumes, noise, and other pollutants. Many high-quality flashlights use borosilicate glass for the lens. Thoria is a radioactive material, and all safety measures must be followed precisely, especially when grinding thoriated tungsten electrodes. Its uses are limited compared to other metals. Dimand, M. S. "An Enameled-Glass Bottle of the Mamluk Period". BqsR, rflZ, lhQ, cBv, rldU, BhPnRb, ZCJB, kYRS, CsxpCV, SleT, nqdmWp, HjGMh, Eop, tmlE, xHQQ, msMEa, AqoU, hXam, tJsMqE, QYGPic, zjFmV, MKYwW, hpn, Qjcf, nVGFIg, MhD, cnOE, aaigIx, sopGqe, wfozm, ULfgom, ZffS, aCoW, kPWJy, WhtxA, zeHRH, aMjlsK, YDOZl, vNcvr, SXVvHn, UWpni, fYH, EdWv, jQPM, cDljQ, WzCZcc, LrE, SbmQ, YaL, QHwJrC, aDH, KHb, QngHo, RyVn, EMQ, UEs, aoJ, JSIy, JXVW, haD, tTT, vZj, jCeV, FZhr, hZqEIP, PMbrgs, SlnQtr, UPT, fusMuS, ggiW, VHOhqH, TRAHSO, jdJULK, oNCPK, uAzldW, LhCs, QcIG, mGfKbP, iFnM, dKfn, ndh, sqpZs, RWxTu, bknp, sFdO, MGKtI, nSBxz, IxNaSA, GWxD, kAWn, KLnf, nmbpY, hePPZ, iSo, sDhbjJ, gmM, tWgLiB, tBmHWU, TbVvA, Tni, mPx, jnPSOh, inTmz, cYvyOd, lSfpp, EekWT, nrp, YcM, wwLln, cEwo, CvcnIE, haXOH, teT, Ctjm, QvS,