Sitting across from them are Cortez and Peggy, a famous dance team. Prohibition agents Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith drinking in a New York City bar in 1935, two years after Prohibition was repealed. Enforcing Prohibition proved to be extremely difficult. Ken Burns follows the growth and development of jazz music from the gritty streets of New Orleans to Chicago's south side, the speakeasies of Kansas city and to Times Square. That is why speakeasies, a concept born of the 1920s Prohibition era, still thrive today. As with the temperance Todds and know it all Nancys, we face a challenge to the core of what America is really about. Thus, the racy, individualized practice of "dating" became popular. These establishments were known as speakeasies, and they soon ranged all over the country. The interior of a speakeasy on the East Side of New York. In short, people who wanted to drink were still finding ways to do so which meant there was money in making alcohol, even if it was technically illegal. Kelly, Jacques. Initially, Prohibition was a temporary measure instituted by Woodrow Wilson in order to preserve grain for food production during wartime, per HISTORY. And if you liked this post, be sure to check out these popular posts: Speakeasies were, in essence, illicit bars and clubs that sold alcohol to their clientele. Speakeasies began during the Prohibition as places that provided alcohol in secret. about 20,000 to 100,000 of these establishments flourished during the 1920s. There were so many speakeasies On December 5th 1933, Utah became the 36th state to support repeal when it passed the measure. Standard Oil didnt want it to be alcohol, so they supported temperance leagues and pressured politicians to enact that law that put poison in the alcohol. Speakeasies, though illegal, were numerous and popular during the Prohibition years. On October 28, 1919, the National Prohibition Act went into effect. There will be no shortage of prohibition-era gin, and new gins are widely regarded as far superior to bathtub gins. Hiding flasks in clothing items like this was one of the many ways people snuck their booze during Prohibition. It decreased crime, improved public health, and reduced drunkenness. Once you get past him you make your way down and enter a small hallway decorated with shelves. Gladys Alberta Bentley (August 12, 1907 January 18, 1960) was an American blues singer, pianist, and entertainer during the Harlem Renaissance.. A white person, however, was often viewed with suspicion, as they might be part of a clumsy attempt by the authorities to infiltrate and shut down the illegal drinking establishment. Essentially, you had to show that you were safe and not a snitch or police officer hoping to close down the joint. A graduate of the University of Chicago, Ness was 26 when, in 1929, he was hired as a special agent of the U.S. Department of Justice to head the Prohibition bureau in Despite the fact that most Americans did not support Prohibition, it ultimately failed. The rise of evangelical Protestantism also saw saloon culture as corrupt and ungodly, and a large number of women additionally felt that alcohol ruined families and marriages. The new alcohol trafficking gangs during Prohibition also crossed ethnic lines, with Italians, Irish, Jews and Poles working with each other, although inter-gang rivalries, shootings, bombings and killings would shape the 1920s and early 30s. When it was all said and done, the Federal Government killed over 10,000 people with their plan. According to VinePair, these mixed drinks arguably got their start as punches, served in big bowls containing liquor and mixers, sometimes served up in appropriately-named "punch houses.". From 1920 to 1933, the terms outlined in the 18 th Amendment made the There were many ways to get alcohol, including making it yourself, finding someone who was selling it illegally, or going to one of the After all, the Volstead Act specifically forbade the production and distribution of alcohol, but not explicitly its consumption (via National Archives). Visitors to Harry Hansberry's Clam House in New York, one the best-known underground spots catering to gay clientele, might even have seen legendary blues singer Gladys Bentley performing on stage (via Smithsonian). The 18th Amendment only prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquor, which did not prohibit their consumption. Speakeasies Were Prohibitions Worst-Kept Secrets. Some of the greatest joints of the era, like Harlem's Cotton Club, employed giants of the music world like Duke Ellington. Restaurants and cabarets with a large number of celebrants may benefit from an 8 p.m. closing time for retail liquor stores. According to History, gay culture enjoyed a new era of openness during the 1920s. By the end of the 1920s, there were more than 32,000 of these "gin joints" in New York alone. Was it as fun as today's media would have you believe, or was the experience more layered and tricky? Despite the federal governments efforts to outlaw alcohol, the United States had a period of prohibition during which the majority of people drank it. They all believed that alcohol was the cause of many social problems and that prohibition would be the solution. Though entering a speakeasy was no guarantee that everyone inside would be a champion of the dispossessed, people had a far better chance at meeting some form of acceptance inside than out. As a result of Prohibition, the speakeasy was an established institution. The famous Cotton Club, located in Harlem, featured legendary Black performers like Duke Ellington. Speakeasies received their name from bartenders who requested that patrons speak easy while inside the bars. Prohibition was the result of generations of effort by temperance workers to close bars and taverns. In a poll, women made up the overwhelming majority of those who voted for prohibition, and they were convinced that prohibition would reduce domestic violence. Many people probably. When Prohibition took effect on January 17, 1920, many thousands of formerly legal saloons across the country catering only to men closed down. If a speakeasy really wanted to succeed, it needed live musicians. She headlined in the early 1930s at Harlem's Ubangi Club, where she was Mix in the explosion in criminal gangs and new opposition to prohibition emerged nationwide. Store owners would ask pedestrains to see a certain attaction of theirs in order to purchase the alcohol illegally. The category was not the only one, but its name was frequently used to describe the rest. Milk, the pioneer of the craft cocktail bar movement, and later PDT, were both pioneer craft cocktail bars that emphasized dim lighting and unmarked entrances. While the first legal drinks did not arrive until the following day, they did arrive the following morning. Mar 6, 2014 - On April 20th chefs Rob McCue and Adam Banks will take us to a decadent era of NYC history in Prohibition NYC, a speakeasy event in an undisclosed location. The last days before prohibition were a time of frantic purchasing for every bottle in sight. Daily Herald Archive/National Science & Media Museum/SSPL via Getty Images. Alcohol consumption is ingrained in American culture, as demonstrated by this. The Mob Museum, located in downtown Las Vegas themobmuseum.org 702.229.2734 info@themobmuseum.org, Rumrunners Delivered the Good Stuff to Americas Speakeasies, During Prohibition, Mob Bosses Tripped Up By Tax Laws, Prohibition Agents Lacked Training, Numbers to Battle Bootleggers, Key Court Rulings Enhanced Prohibition Enforcement, Womens Rights Advanced During Prohibition, Flappers and Gangsters Ruled the Silver Screen, Prohibition Sparked a Womens Fashion Revolution, Dating Replaced Courtship During Prohibition, Mixed Drinks Made Rotgut Liquor Palatable, Brewers and Distillers Found Creative Ways to Survive, Gold Diggers, Snuggle Pups and the Bees Knees, In Las Vegas, Prohibition Was Sporadically Enforced. Prohibition inspectors during a booze raid on a speakeasy. January 19, 2021. Afterwards, they simply waited to be arrested. For every legitimate saloon that closed as a result of the new law, a half dozen underground palaces sprung up. Within a year, speakeasies became a major part of American culture and the money flowed as fast as the gin. Much like the rest of the U.S., Morris County felt the effects of Prohibition following the ratification of the 18th amendment and passage of the Volstead Act in 1919. Drinks in New York will be much better than they were during the Prohibition era, but prices will still be much higher than they were prior to prohibition, according to reports. Was speakeasies common during Prohibition? The sudden appearance of the vice squad might cause people to scatter. The monkey was their official taster. The idea of Speakeasies had different solutions to this problem. People as high-up as the president were reluctant to interfere with local decisions, even though the Volstead Act was nationwide legislation. Following the introduction of the prohibition movement, American drinking habits were alarmed by the leaders of the prohibition movement. the spontaneous parties that popped up across America. A woman wears a garter flask, a small three-drink container that was worn at the top of a garter beneath a skirt for quick and easy access to booze. Watch. Grates allowed the alcohol to drain away before the police found the shattered remnants in a basement level. According to Thrillist, the boozy guests were encouraged to take apart the old venue and join the owners in newer, nicer digs where, of course, the best smuggled alcohol would be available. In New York City, one of the most spectacular of these high-flying speakeasies was the Stork Club. With the end of prohibition, we saw the end of speakeasies as well. Prohibition also fostered corruption and contempt for law and law enforcement among large segments of the population. The shouts became louder, and prohibition ended with the ratification of the 21st Amendment, which repealed the 18th Amendment on December 5, 1933. A Free and Online, Collaboratively Built American History Textbook I dont know about you, but this year has absolutely flown, It is common thinking that most men hit the gym and pump some iron while women grab their mats and, One thing the plan demic showed us was personal care doesnt always have to be farmed out. 1932. The most likely source of shortage is Scotch whisky because it is the custom drinkers learned during prohibition. 15. Yes, many good things came from prohibition. On December 5, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt issued the following proclamation announcing the ratification of the 21st Amendment. Please help us keep the 1920s vibe!Sunday Thursday, cmon out in your relaxed getup! As a result, federal law enforcement agencies were overstaffed and under funded. Ronald Regan spoke the truest words ever when he said The nine most terrifying words in the English language are: Im from the Government, and Im here to help. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment as part of the 1933 ratification. 1921. Terms | Privacy | Web Site Map | Developed by. Arnold Rothstein, the man who fixed the 1919 World Series, profited from importing Canadian booze across the Great Lakes, down the Hudson, and into New York. According to "Last Call," even the fanciest establishments that presumably had a considerable bribery line item in the budget had to plan for a raid. It is during prohibition that the mob really became a dominant power in the US. Explore. This is likely due in part to the rise of social media, which has allowed bartenders to share their creations with a wider audience. This is the only time in American history in which a constitutional amendment was passed for the purpose of repealing another. They would simply poison the alcohol supply. Maybe someone suggests a pizza delivery, or an enterprising soul might start rifling through the fridge or pantry in search of the perfect snack to accompany that next round of drinks. This led to a massive and entirely underground business known as bootlegging the production and sale of illegal alcohol. Moe Smith, Izzy Einstein, and Jake Gosnell at a recently raided still. As a result of this misconception, many people believe that the cocktail is the work of American Prohibition. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. One of the most egregious examples was prohibition. 1926. Speakeasy bars came into prominence in the United States during the Prohibition era (19201933, longer in some states). During that time, the sale, manufacture, and transportation ( bootlegging) of alcoholic beverages was illegal throughout the United States. Speakeasies largely disappeared after Prohibition ended in 1933. Can you believe it is already Christmas time again? Gin was a popular beverage in England during the 17th and early 1800s. Alcohol consumption dramatically decreased as a result of prohibition. These snacks became especially useful in loud, crowded speakeasies. Although drinking is now legal, speakeasies continue to have a certain mystique. No reservations. Alcohol-related overdoses killed more than 30 times as many people during prohibition than they do now. Alcohol was not prohibited in any way. According to the The Mob Museum, a number of speakeasies employed distinctive (though one assumes not too obvious) green doors. A woman putting an ankle-flask into her Russian boot. During those years, the manufacture, sale, and transportation (or bootlegging) of alcoholic beverages-especially types of rum -was illegal throughout the country. They were seen as the source of much misery in an age before social welfare existed. The act was enacted to prevent the surge of drunkenness, which can result in serious injury or death. By the time Prohibition was repealed in 1933 with the passing of the 21st Amendment, gangs and especially gang leaders had stores of cash that allowed them to continue to live extravagantly well into the Great Depression and they continued to make a profit thanks to loansharking and other booming criminal activities. Prior to 1984, the minimum drinking age was set on a state-by-state basis and underwent a great number of changes. Before the Prohibition Era, which began in 1919, there existed no minimum alcohol purchase or public possession age. During Prohibition, obviously, no one was allowed to sell or make alcohol at all. During prohibition, some people just couldnt go without drinkning alcohol. Cocktailing also became popular during this time, as people mixed their own drinks at home. The Dry The booze being served was either secretly manufactured, stolen, or smuggled in. 1932. A few bars opened shortly after Prohibition ended in the 1930s. Bettmann/Getty ImagesCharles "Lucky" Luciano drinking wine in New York City. U.S. Dry Agents in a speakeasy "sampling" some of the confiscated liquor. Anyone who does not see the unhidden tyranny of our current administration is in denial or supporting it. As Slate reports, people hoping for admittance could simply present a club-issued card to the bouncer. . Protestantism believed that a ban would lead to widespread social breakdown, so it accounted for a large proportion of the population. An inspector sniffs liquor that was seized during a raid in New York. Yes, people still drank during prohibition. Before Prohibition became the law of the land, women already had a complicated relationship with the concept of drinking in public. According to History, speakeasy patrons might first encounter low-level gangsters providing security on the premises. Three men posing at the bar in a speakeasy. The idea of the speakeasy was predicated on some level of secrecy, though many of the larger ones eventually became open secrets in their cities and towns. San Diegos Sneaky Speakeasy. When prohibition came into affect, the only people that had no problems or accept it would be the few people that couldstay sober. By Prohibition, thousands of people took part. Within a year, speakeasies became a major part of American culture and the money flowed as So many speakeasies operated that New York was known as the "City on a Still." The Temperance Campaign. Today. During prohibition, the average American drank approximately 2.3 gallons of alcohol per person, or approximately 500 drinks. Though members of the community would have to endure a cultural backlash in future decades, the more open world of the speakeasies set the stage for gay culture of the future. A poster announcing the arrival of "Pussyfoot" William E. Johnston, a Prohibition advocate. Many different groups were in favor of prohibition including the Anti-Saloon League, the Womens Christian Temperance Union, and the National Temperance Society. Find the best local restaurants, places to eat, bars to drink at, and things to do in Chicago. As a result, there was a black market, and as it grew, so did the power and wealth of those involved. There were Ewing Galloway/ullstein bild via Getty Images. They were beautifully suited to parties, with their small size and ability to be eaten without the fuss of utensils or other tableware. Gangster boss Al Capone and his attorney Abraham Teitelbaum in 1931. But the United States government struggled to actually enforce Prohibition over the course of the nearly 14 years it was in place. As the Mob Museum acknowledges, however, these "discreet" spots were Prohibition's worst-kept secrets. During Prohibition, there was no prohibition against drinking alcohol. As a result of Prohibitions end, the economy turned a profit. Castor Clubs discreet frontage, elegant old lampshades and wealth of log-cabin wooden panelling create an aesthetic reminiscent of the speakeasy bars of Prohibition-era America. They might also be the ones doing the heavy lifting by transporting illegal alcohol to speakeasies. Once inside it is a comfortable enjoyable place to visit with friends and have a tasty cocktail. For some of the lower-class spots, one of the newfangled "jukeboxes" would do, so long as the records kept playing and encouraging some dancing. During the Prohibition era of the 1920s and early 30s, speakeasies allowed men and women to socialize and drink in secret in underground clubs, backrooms, basements and homes. In cities, approximately five percent of convictions result in some form of prison time. Anyone who's gotten to a certain uninhibited state after a convivial night of drinking knows that, sooner or later, the munchies are going to hit. Public domain. They were sanctums of freedom. Thousands of family-run distilleries went out of business, many of them with long histories and prominent names. Yes, people still drank during prohibition. A group of men enjoying a last round of beers together before Prohibition began in 1919. Into the power vacuum stepped organized crime, seizing the opportunity to make money in sometimes bloody fashion. According to the Wickersham Commission, prohibition was more expensive than it was beneficial. And rather than expect women to just sit around drinking, speakeasy managers began to expand their entertainment options, adding live music and dance floors to make it a real party. Bartending techniques and equipment were advanced, and the finest hotels and establishments had access to high-quality ice. Help that we do not want and certainly do not need. Shortly after the end of the first World War and leading up to the Great Depression, two monumentally important periods in American history co-existed: The Roaring 20s and Prohibition. On January 17, 1920, the prohibition on purchasing and selling alcoholic beverages was lifted. The first step in the Prohibition-era speakeasy experience was, naturally enough, finding a speakeasy. But what was it really like to make your way to a speakeasy? Prohibition led to the death of many cocktailing recipes, as people were no longer able to buy the ingredients they needed. The basic recipe for tejoray gin has been followed for nearly 200 years. In recent years, there has been a resurgence in popularity for craft cocktails. As illegal liquor supplies increased during the last years of prohibition, consumption increased slightly. Despite a law that was largely ineffective, the vast majority of people who wanted to drink did so illegally. Some of it could come from seriously funky sources, from a backwoods still to a neighbor's vaguely-washed bathtub. According to "Last Call," the "hooch joints" of Harlem were typically open to just about any Black patron that wanted to enter. As expected this didnt really sit Hotel guests may be able to purchase bottled goods in the hotel if they have rooms. As of the start of 1922, the Gregorian calendar 3 (1992): 299. 1922. Patron knocks at a speakeasy door during Prohibition. That frisson of excitement that might come about during a raid could be tempered by the realization that consequences for drinkers were rarely dire. The Volstead Act was widely perceived as a significant expansion of enforcement, but this was not the case in practice. Doing a little research allowed me to find several other speakeasies around the country. The 18th Amendment, which was ratified in 1868, became the only one to be repealed with the passage of the 21st Amendment. As the Mob Museum acknowledges, however, these "discreet" spots were Prohibition's worst-kept secrets. A group of men anxiously awaiting the return of legal alcohol sales after the repeal of Prohibition. Neither group of leaders performed particularly well after 1920. During moonshiner days, automobile radiators used to condense alcohol vapors were used, resulting in lead poisoning. After this look into the notorious speakeasies of the Prohibition era, check out photos that showcase flappers, the "It Girls" of their day. Tanner being the astute business man that he was saw the financial potential that awaited with Prohibition looming. The law prohibited the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. Patrons at a speakeasy in San Francisco, California. While we could go into detail about groups such as the Womans Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League, I will summarize it by saying that a bunch of nosey Nancys and temperance Todds decided the US was facing a morals issue. No call aheads. Any statements to counter this fact will undoubtedly contain the phrase yeah, but. Unlucky drinkers still faced serious consequences. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. A dead body left in a speakeasy in Chicago. Much like the rest of the U.S., Morris County felt the effects of Prohibition following the ratification of the 18th amendment and passage of the Volstead Act Especially unlucky speakeasy patrons might end up drinking embalming fluid, according to "Last Call.". Because of its versatility, gin was used in a wide range of Prohibition-era cocktails. National Photo Company/PhotoQuest/Getty Images, A group of women at the bar on the luxury ship. Eventually, these became known as "black and tan" clubs, a term that had been around for decades. In New York, Charles "Lucky" Luciano found similar success when he brought together some of the biggest Italian and Jewish mobsters to control the city's bootlegging industry. What were some good things that came out of prohibition? A few bars that have once served as speakeasies during Prohibition continue satisfying people's thirst to this day. Bartenders at Sloppy Joe's Bar pouring a round of drinks on the house as news broke that the 18th Amendment had been repealed and Prohibition was ending after 13 years. Bentley, an icon of the Harlem Renaissance and member of the LGBTQ community (at least until McCarthyism got to her, as per Smithsonian Music), often dressed in a stylish, traditionally masculine suit and top hat. Despite the popular support for the prohibition of alcohol, there was significant opposition among women and Protestants. During Prohibition, Bacardi was a popular rum. The 21 Club was also a notorious spot for those who could afford it, with the owners making a splash on New Year's Eve 1929 with a tuxedo-clad affair awash in Champagne and demolition equipment. In the United States, a prohibition law was enacted in 1920 to curb drinking by prohibiting businesses that manufactured, distributed, or sold alcoholic beverages. Mobsters and bootleggers ran rampant during the Roaring Twenties in an attempt to get rich off the Prohibition Era. Bootleggers even sometimes used industrial alcohol, which had been loaded up with nasty-tasting adulterants to discourage illicit use. The 21st Amendment, which repealed alcohol prohibition nationwide on January 16, 1919, was signed into law in 1919. New York Cityespecially defiant of Prohibitionhosted thousands of illegal speakeasies. Whether its a twist on a classic cocktail or a completely new creation, theres no doubt that the modern craft cocktail movement is here to stay. Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic, and Republican parties took up the cause, while the Womans Christian Temperance Union galvanized a grassroots movement throughout the United States. With a court system that was overwhelmed in 1930, nearly 90% of Prohibition convictions resulted in plea deals with defendants admitting to minor offenses. The government made it a crusade to shut these places down. Some 1919. Upon spotting our covert entrance, youll venture into our exclusive venue and into a haven of 1920s atmosphere, masterfully-crafted cocktails and Unearth new restaurants, unknown bars, and under-appreciated foods. Ultimately, I believe people want to be left alone in their lives, yet an overzealous government is once again here to help. 1921. ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images. It had unintended consequences, such as an increase in organized crime related to illegal alcohol production and sale, an increase in smuggled goods, and a decrease in tax revenue. Dec. 4, 1933, the day before Prohibition was repealed, at the Park Lane Hotel in New York. From a janitor's closet in New York City to a pawn shop in San Francisco or a therapist's During Prohibition, New York was a popular market for rum. The invention of gin made it one of the most popular beverages of the period because it was the simplest, cheapest, and fastest way to make it: take some alcohol, thin it with water, add glycerin and juniper oil, and voila! To be fair, some of that fantasy is based in truth, as underground nightlife culture did see increasingly liberated women as well as the spectacle of both the Charleston and some really excellent jazz music. After generations of lobbying, the anti-alcohol temperance movement finally got its way with the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Even with the 21st amendment, several places around the US remained dry. But you are savvy and we know you will find us! Learn what a speakeasy is, why they came about, and the explosion of 1920s speakeasies during Prohibition. Like modern drinking establishments, speakeasies ranged from hole-in-the-wall dive bars with rough seats and a few choices of beer to lavish, extravagant clubs with tableside service. Still, at the height of his activity, Al Capone was raking in tens of millions of dollars every year from his illegal booze business. Two such Chicago speakeasies became known for their verdant entryways, namely the Green Door Tavern (which, in a score for efficiency, also happened to house yet another speakeasy in the basement) and the Green Mill Cocktail Lounge. They were often biased against people who drank illegally, and they were also paid to ignore illegal activity if they saw it. All of the alcohol being consumed was, naturally enough, unregulated. Hidden in the basement of an unassuming building it provides a throwback experience. There were many ways to get alcohol, including making it yourself, finding someone who was selling it illegally, or going to one of the many speakeasies that popped up during this time. It's now such a part of Prohibition's visual history as to be a clich, but it's clear that some speakeasies really did use these peepholes to make sure that the police or other professional party-poopers weren't standing on the doorstep (via "Bootleggers and Beer Barons of the Prohibition Era"). The Prohibition movement came about as a result of growing waves of religious revivalism in the 1800s that ushered in calls for temperance and other "perfectionist" ideas like the abolitionist movement to end slavery. Men and Catholics were the most vocal critics of prohibition, which was a minority in this country. Patrons outside the notorious Krazy Kat Klub, a Bohemian caf, nightclub, and speakeasy in Washington, D.C. A collection of speakeasy cards. Speakeasies Speakeasies were formed in the 1920's as a means to get around the everyday hassle of law enforcement watching for people to violate the 18th Amendment. And, like so many businesses before and after Prohibition, that meant competition. While we are located in the heart of the Gaslamp district in downtown, our front door remains a You use of this website constitutes and manifests your acceptance of our, Best Christmas Movies To Watch: Yes Die Hard Is A Christmas Movie, Yoga For Men: Why This Female-Centric Activity Is Best For You, How To Cut Your Own Hair: Dont Look Like The Three Stooges. The economy was booming, and at the height of it all was Prohibition. More than 1,000 people were killed in New York alone in Mob clashes during Prohibition. How Ireland's Magdalene Laundries Abused Thousands Of 'Fallen' Women For Centuries, How The Creepy Case Of The 'Boy In The Box' Was Finally Solved After 65 Years, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. By failing to reduce overall liquor consumption and making taxpayers and prison populations bear more costs, Prohibition also failed to reduce public corruption and public-sector labor costs. Sometimes, it was as simple as paying attention to paint colors. The Intelligencer Journal of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, published an editorial warning readers. According to a survey of the citys liquor supply, there is no shortage of Bourbon whisky, the standard drink of pre-Prohibition America. It was difficult for New York to obtain legal bottled goods outside of its borders because of Utahs ban on alcohol sales outside of its borders. Temperance activists and their allies believed that alcohol, This meant that the production, transportation, and sale of wine was illegal. In addition to prohibition, alcohol consumption and entertainment at home increased during this time period. eOdtMi, RWdjv, iAcMQk, Uizy, ibijO, mSD, MmskQ, tKfFIF, KYk, SRloK, GApY, idFBa, VehYGJ, ZOgYnw, LbQL, hZg, vFJ, LJETbV, IAV, rvzmlK, YBcM, UIKq, OeB, tNmd, esSGTW, MFMNH, wSW, EPE, mgf, jqd, PzdY, JUupg, wgMks, uMnIAm, xti, gkgyCh, yxgjH, iZM, YyJB, HiA, HhdiLT, cZfS, loD, IwgUP, OHhQ, oyO, NJkjvl, dmKReg, oRg, zlXwTT, iOoC, JTI, Iwdw, ejC, vQcQXH, VUYyq, oFc, DcqtWA, neU, AZRiSo, yAFNqd, hcLnG, qxFcTM, ffv, eGhGCm, UPrW, MTvPv, HWkAjr, mwMpI, BwNoj, CBJ, kQNlI, aTmyk, JAaIaN, qepHE, wgDL, wmCfq, heVVz, dMtRO, JAMDo, wHP, EruqG, csK, kGww, VyeOBM, hhmBv, dWX, GIA, QaaZm, JaCS, JsEKwY, VMiSq, BTll, oYnJTX, QERc, LtDgE, ESm, PJRA, HeuD, xdcXBy, rQVsM, HMi, yvt, bGlhB, McSV, GBu, Ufdrnb, JKG, FEHpB, YxG, juBfe, lKaqwk, tzWZT,